Immigration Beat

Arizona: English Only

2010-05-07T13:19:00.000-07:00

This week the Wall Street Journal revealed that the Arizona State Department of Education will be cracking down on teachers who do not speak English flawlessly. These teachers, who were recruited in the not so distant past by the same Department, will now be forced out of classrooms with English Language Learners. The State is announcing these changes in the name of English-only movement, noting that these children will not learn English as well under the supervision of these bilingual teachers.

The role of language in American classrooms has become a particularly contentious and complicated issue. Especially in school districts, like many in Arizona, where there are large populations of ELL learners and where students come to school with many different levels of English and other language fluency.

Language policy in school has become an emotional rather than a logical debate. Data is largely missing from media forums and public dialogue on policy regarding language in schools.

A recent study in Urban Review provides a first step to understanding these reforms. This article concentrates on the perspectives of teachers. Specifically they review in-depth interviews with teachers of ELL learners in Massachusetts. These teachers were interviewed several years after the passage of Question 2. Question 2 was an English-only initiative that sought to significantly shrink bilingual programming and move all programming toward an English-only model. Under this legislation all ELL students (even those with no English language skills) must spend 30 days in Sheltered English Immersion (SEI) classes before being up for reassignment to a temporary bilingual program. Teachers perspectives on the effect of this policy in their own classrooms and within their schools were as follows:
Cons

Children who recently migrated and had no English fluency had adverse emotional reactions to being in English-only classes where they could not participate in nor understand instruction.
The 30 day rule wasted valuable instruction time and increased the gap between ELLs and native English speakers. This period was often referred to as a "parking lot for these kids".
Teachers felt that school climate was effected with teachers policing teachers over using English-only. Teachers complained that for their newest students they sometimes needed to explain something in their native language and keep going but under the watch of colleagues felt like they could not, and had to move on with the student still not understanding.
They saw children quickly losing fluency in their native language. Teachers worried about their lack of fluency in now not one, but two languages. Would they be able to talk to parents.

Pros

SEI classes provided a better options for children who were fairly advanced in English but still required English instruction. Teachers felt that these children had been previously underserved by bilingual classes that had to cater to children with lower levels of English fluency.
The SEI program segregated the children into same-native language groups. Teachers felt this helpful in communicating with children and building on shared experience.

It starts with hello

2010-04-02T12:20:00.000-07:00

Many studies have shown that parents' involvement in their child's school has long term effects on student achievement.

But for many immigrant parents--especially those who have recently arrived in the US--there are many barriers to such involvement. Carreon, Drake and Barton identify structural and psychological barriers in their ethnographic study of immigrant parents in New York. These included.

Inflexible work schedules and long hours.
Language barriers with teachers. Child is often the only translator available.
A devaluing of the type of cultural capital they are bringing to their children (teaching their children to respect authority rather than voice opinion in class).
Isolation from network of parents who could support them and share information about education system.

Many foundations and policy organizations have developed recommendations for better involving immigrant parents in school; often focusing on making meeting times with teachers flexible, providing translators or translated school materials and offering childcare during meeting times.

But one of most easily implemented recommendations turns out to also be one of the most effective. The Harvard Family Research project reports that making parents feel welcome and valued is critical. Many immigrant parents felt that the school saw them as liabilities rather than assets and feared humiliation in the school setting. Simple steps such as learning parents names, learning more about their situation and engaging in individualized conversation were shown as effective ways to get and keep parents involved.

On a larger scale, other policy groups pointed toward creating events or classes that would increase parents feeling of partnership with schools and develop peer networks among immigrant parents; as one New York school district did:

"Early in the school year, families meet with teachers for “Parents as Partners Day,” building a two-way partnership between the teachers and families before any problems start. Parents are invited to workshops that focus on the strengths of their culture and the importance of respecting other cultures. They learn techniques to share their culture with their children, such as storytelling or talking about the significance of certain foods and mealtime in their home country. Professionals from the community, such as Judith Rapley, a social worker who is the minister of an Afro-Caribbean church, build relationships with the families and connect them to resources. “We use the parents own cultural values to encourage them to get involved in school,” says project director Esther Calzada

Latina Sexual Risk and Acculturation

2010-03-04T14:00:00.000-08:00

In the US, the pregnancy rate for Latina adolescents is nearly twice the national average.

This however, is not a pattern that starts with the first generation. In a 2006 review of the literature, Afable-Munsuz and Brindis document 15 studies that show that greater acculturation (birth in the US, higher levels of US cultural/English language orientation) is positively related to higher levels sexual risk taking in Latina and Latino adolescents as compared to only two studies which show the reverse.

First generation Latina adolescents are less likely to have had sex (see figure) and, if they have, are less likely to have be involved with multiple partners. They also show lower rates of early pregnancy than later generation youth.

Advocacy for Youth identifies high levels of monitoring by parents, high educational aspirations, and tight-knit ethnic communities which reinforce traditional Latino cultural values as particularly strong and positive influences for Latina adolescents; all areas which have been documented as more likely to be present in the lives of the first generation.

However, while many areas of sex-risk are lower for first generation Latinas, condom use and knowledge about sexually transmitted diseases are considerably lower for these adolescents. This gap in weakens the possitive effects of their other positive behaviors; recent work by Guarini and Marks reports equivalent levels of STI and STDS in first and later generations of Latino adolescents.

What makes the news?

2010-02-04T09:03:00.000-08:00

In a media content analysis of news stories published and produced in 2009 the Pew Research Center's Project for Excellence in Journalism and the Pew Hispanic Center find that the Hispanic population remains barely represented in major media.
As the Hispanic population grows so has its importance in larger public dialogues but official coverage has lacked meaningful content concerning the lives of Hispanic Americans. Rather existing coverage (involving Hispanic individuals/groups) has been almost exclusively "event driven". The debates around the Sonia Sotomayor, the Mexican drug war, the H1NI outbreak and immigration have become the central, and often only, narratives.
Rapidly changing demographics in the US have opened the door to what could be a fascinating dialogue around what is already happening in American communities, what is already being seen in schools and how immigrant individuals and communities are creating and building on narratives in the US. But buried under a mass of disjointed headlines, the public narrative around Hispanic Americans remains largely incoherent.

Immigrant Stories

2009-12-21T11:33:00.000-08:00

While often living only miles (or blocks) away from each other, the children of Rhode Island's Cambodian, Dominican and Portuguese immigrants are living in very different worlds.
Immigrant Stories (published this Summer, Oxford Press) takes a multileveled approach to modeling the academic pathways (and the contexts influencing these pathways) of these elementary-aged children.
They find strikingly different immigration histories, family and school situations as well as differences in how these children are relating to their parents native culture (e.g. do they watch media in their parents native language?) and how they conceptualize the role of their own ethnic identity (e.g. is being a student or being Dominican more important to who they are?).
More interestingly they find that these contexts and attitudes play out in very different ways in terms of their effect on the elementary school success of these kids.

While high levels of ethnic pride and desire to be with co-ethnic peers contributed to positive outcomes for Cambodian youth, for Dominican children wanting to be with peers outside of their ethnic group, a preference for English and lower ethnic identity centrality was associated with more positive outcomes.
These results are worthy of much future speculation; a central question being: Why does identification and active participation in a parent's native culture prove a source of academic support for one child while proving an obstacle for another?

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Community Organization

2009-12-08T17:54:00.000-08:00

There are substantial differences in academic outcomes among country of origin groups. These differences start very early on and (even when lessened) often persist. In a nationally representative sample of third graders Glick and Hohmann-Marriott (2007) show that while children of Chinese, Vietnamese and East Asian immigrants outperform their native White peers in math, children from Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Filipino families fall behind.

Recent research points to the role of community structure and functioning in producing these differences. Min Zhou, who has spent her carreer studying immigrant communities from Vietnamese communities in New Orleans to Mexican and Chinese communities in California, finds consistent and powerful differences in the ways that these communities function and the knowledge bases that they hold.

While both the Pico Union and Chinatown neighborhoods of Los Angelos have a predominantly immigrant populace and a share a strong emphasis on education the families of Chinatown benefit from deep wells of community knowledge about educational systems (what SAT scores kids need to get into college, what schools are the best in the district) as well as high numbers of ethnic-based educational organizations (afterschool tutoring programs, enrichment programs and community scholarship funds.) The Pico Union (primarily Mexican immigrants) neighborhood, on the other, does not have a single community driven enrichment program and thus lacks avenues through which new immigrant families can learn pathways toward higher education and support them in their children.

Zhou notes, ""In the past, we've tended to chalk up differences in achievement to cultural differences, but we really need to look more closely at variations in neighborhood resources and how they may contribute to academic success."

The big task

2009-11-24T14:00:00.000-08:00

There is much debate surrounding the best way to aid young English Language Learners in transitioning into US classrooms and keeping up with their classmates during the critical elementary grades.

A recent report from the Foundation for Child Development reports that:

"Research on the effects of early English immersion programs for ELL students...suggests that children in [English immersion only] preschool programs tend to lose their ability to communicate in their first language, start to prefer the English language, frequently develop communication problems with their extended families, and experience depressed academic achievement in English."

There are a myriad of reasons for how and why fluent bilingualism may support immigrant children; but especially compelling is the notion that bilingualism is at its core, a matter of keeping families functional and connected.

One striking piece of evidence comes from work by Mouw and Xie (1999) who find that bilingaul Asian American first and second generation adolescents have a pronounced academic advantage over their monolingual peers. But this effect was only significant when parents were not fluent in English.

Global vertigo

2009-11-19T08:59:00.000-08:00

Marcelo Suarez-Orozco, co-founder of immigration studies at NYU, says we are in an "age of global vertigo".

Immigration flows across the globe have created separations between parents and their children, and between nuclear families and extended families, often for a prolonged period of time.

In a study of recently immigrated adolescents, Suarez-Orozco, Todrova, Louie (2002) find that 85 percent of the sample had been separated from one of both of their parents for an extended time. This contributed to a host of difficulties including increased depression and academic decline.

With the average waiting period for relatives of permanent residents ranging from 6 to 19 years (as in the case of Mexican-born individuals), families are forced to make tough decisions regarding when each member can migrate and children are left with little choice at all.

Across the divide

2009-11-17T14:47:00.000-08:00

Recent work has shown that the higher levels of parental monitoring and stricter rules set by immigrant parents play are a strong, positive role in helping immigrant adolescents maintain lower levels of delinquency and higher grades.

But as immigrant adolescents rapidly acculturate into American schools, a gap between parents and their children begins to form.

A recent study found that while many adolescents from Chinese immigrant families were performing well in US schools and showing very low levels of behavior problems, as acculturation proceeded these adolescents and their parents "suffered increased emotional distance, increased conflicts, and less communication"(Qin, 2006).

In a recent NPR report on intergenerational conflict, a Chinese-American teenage girl explains that while she may see, understand and even agree with the parenting styles of her parents she wishes that her mother could better understand the American teenager--and in doing so, better understand her.

Listen to this story which recently aired on All Things Considered.

What makes a good student?

2009-11-11T13:33:00.000-08:00

Children of Mexican immigrants face many obstacles to a successful transition into school. Language barriers, low parental education, and high rates of poverty translate into lower test scores throughout the elementary school years. But evidence from researcher Robert Crosnoe shows that socially and behaviorally these children are at the top of their class.

According to teacher reports of a national sample of kindergartners, Mexican immigrant children had better mental health, got along better with others and look a lot better in terms of self-regulation than their White, African-American, Asian-American and Latino-American peers whose parents were born in the US.

Crosnoe points out that while, "People tend to think that doing well in school is all about IQ and cognitive development...there's a lot more that goes on to it than that. You have to have the capacity to sit there and learn and control yourself."

These abilities pose children of Mexican immigrants to make the most of the school experience.

"Psychological well-being doesn't begin to outweigh the burden of severe poverty", Crosnoe adds. "And Mexican immigrant families have the highest rate of poverty of any immigrant group in the US. But strong mental health at least cuts away a slice of that disadvantage."

Listen to the full story which aired on npr's "Day to day".

Support is a two-way street

2009-11-09T12:01:00.000-08:00

Immigrant parents have extremely high expectations for their children's educational pathways and research has shown that children internalize these expectations and use them as motivation to succeed.

But family is a complicated influence. In research by Fuligni and colleagues they found that while feelings of family obligation aided children in school, family obligation behaviors (amount of time spent helping family) could have the opposite affect.

In a new report by the Pew Hispanic Center on "Latinos and Education" we again see a conflicting influence. While Latino parents were more likely to say that children should go to college after school than other parents, the most common response for why Latino young adults did not continue their education was that they needed to support their family.

It seems reasonable to believe that when families are better supported through policy we will see less of a gap between educational expectations and educational attainment.

Great expectations

2009-11-05T07:49:00.000-08:00

Ruby Takanishi, the president of the Foundation for Child Development, has spent her life working to translate research into positive policies for American children. In an interview with New America Media this past week she discusses several types of expectations.

On expectations for the new administration:

"The fact of the matter is that immigrant children are not on anybody’s agenda, except in a negative way."

On expectations of immigrant parents for their children:

"...it’s really hard to find any immigrant family that doesn’t have extremely high aspirations for the education and future of their children. It doesn’t matter if they are getting a Ph.D., or if they have less than a fifth grade education. There is an enormous faith and belief in education that may be an important selection factor for the groups that come to the United States instead of going to another country."

On the ability to capitalize on expectations:

"Different immigrant groups have different amounts of social capital. Some immigrant groups are very well organized to do this, others are not. In the groups that don't have enough social capital, it’s an opportunity for other immigrant serving organizations to step in and fill that gap."

Dr. Takanishi has co-edited a book Immigration, Diversity and Education, which was released this Summer.

Surprising behaviors

2009-11-04T12:45:00.001-08:00

This past year our lab has been looking at a phenomenon termed the immigrant paradox.

The immigrant paradox refers to findings that as youth acculturate, many developmental outcomes decline (e.g. grades, academic attitudes, risk behaviors), rather than improve as one might predict.

Behavioral outcomes, both in children and in adolescents, show the most consistent evidence of a paradox. In a recent review of the literature we found that across externalizing behaviors (e.g. acting out), substance abuse, delinquency, and incarceration/arrest foreign-born children and adolescents were significantly less likely to engage in negative behaviors than their later generation or more acculturated peers (see graph above).

These findings have been echoed in research in adulthood. A 2006 article using census data and a national study on immigrant individuals finds that across ethnic groups incarceration rates are dramatically lower for foreign-born individuals than for native-born.

Earliest Trends

2009-10-28T12:45:00.000-07:00

This past week the New York Times covered a study that has uncovered paradoxical trends in the birth outcomes and cognitive scores of babies born to Hispanic immigrant mothers.

Looking at national data, researchers at the University of California, Berkeley found that Hispanic immigrant mothers had more positive prenatal practices than native Hispanic and white mothers (e.g. significantly less reported substance use) and that their babies were born as healthy as white babies. In addition, babies born to these mothers had comparable cognitive scores for the first 15 months. However by the age of 2 cognitive scores had fallen, a decline that continued leaving a "significant gap even at age 3".

The authors speculate that differences in literacy practices and verbal interaction may contribute to this decline. With outcomes starting remarkably positive for the children of immigrant mothers, there is great potential for early intervention to sustain these outcomes.

Why do we need an Immigration Beat?

2009-10-21T07:53:00.000-07:00

Media and research sectors have become increasingly focused on immigrant-heritage youth over the past few decades. However, in recent years the content and tone of the their respective dialogues has never been further apart.

In mass media, discussion of immigration and immigrants has largely become a discussion of illegal immigration and illegal immigrants. Border control, detainment and deportation are major themes and children of immigrants appear temporary, problematic and, many times, irrelevant when viewed through this lens

However, children of immigrants are the fastest growing segment of the American youth population. Considering that nearly a fourth of all children in the US are children of immigrants their relevance to the future political, social and economic climate of the US is hardly debatable. This has sparked researchers to propose and investigate several central questions:

How are immigrant-heritage youth faring in US schools and communities?
What are the factors that affect these outcomes and what are the best environments for these children to become successfully integrated and engaged?
How do country of origin, immigrant generation, and level of acculturation factor into later outcomes?

Research around these themes has gained tremendous momentum with new articles and reports coming out monthly from universities, policy and research institutes across the country. But visibility has remained extremely low and more importantly impact on the public discussion negligible. This blog will be a sounding board for new findings, media perspectives on local and national scales, providing a new immigration beat.